paper-0017 · paper · 1977
Arthur Dempster, Nan Laird, Donald Rubin
The EM algorithm; workhorse of latent-variable estimation.
Abstract
Summary A broadly applicable algorithm for computing maximum likelihood estimates from incomplete data is presented at various levels of generality. Theory showing the monotone behaviour of the likelihood and convergence of the algorithm is derived. Many examples are sketched, including missing value situations, applications to grouped, censored or truncated data, finite mixture models, variance component estimation, hyperparameter estimation, iteratively reweighted least squares and factor analysis. [OpenAlex]
Academic, score -0.0632
| Metric | Status | Value | Norm. | Weight | Contribution | Source | Confidence | License | Provenance |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| citation_count | present | 49663.0 | 0.223549 | 0.5 | 0.111774 | OpenAlex | medium | OpenAlex, CC0 metadata | link |
| library_holdings | missing | recorded as missing, penalized by rule, never imputed | −0.1 | recorded as missing; penalized by rule, never imputed | |||||
| readership_persistence | present | 15.0 | 1.0 | 0.05 | 0.05 | OpenAlex | low | OpenAlex, CC0 metadata | link |
| syllabus_adoptions | missing | recorded as missing, penalized by rule, never imputed | −0.125 | recorded as missing; penalized by rule, never imputed | |||||
Broad Influence, score 0.2447
| Metric | Status | Value | Norm. | Weight | Contribution | Source | Confidence | License | Provenance |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| citation_count | present | 49663.0 | 0.223549 | 0.2 | 0.04471 | OpenAlex | medium | OpenAlex, CC0 metadata | link |
| library_holdings | missing | recorded as missing, penalized by rule, never imputed | −0.125 | recorded as missing; penalized by rule, never imputed | |||||
| readership_persistence | present | 15.0 | 1.0 | 0.4 | 0.4 | OpenAlex | low | OpenAlex, CC0 metadata | link |
| syllabus_adoptions | missing | recorded as missing, penalized by rule, never imputed | −0.075 | recorded as missing; penalized by rule, never imputed | |||||
Governance Practitioner, score -0.1691
| Metric | Status | Value | Norm. | Weight | Contribution | Source | Confidence | License | Provenance |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| citation_count | present | 49663.0 | 0.223549 | 0.25 | 0.055887 | OpenAlex | medium | OpenAlex, CC0 metadata | link |
| library_holdings | missing | recorded as missing, penalized by rule, never imputed | −0.15 | recorded as missing; penalized by rule, never imputed | |||||
| readership_persistence | present | 15.0 | 1.0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | OpenAlex | low | OpenAlex, CC0 metadata | link |
| syllabus_adoptions | missing | recorded as missing, penalized by rule, never imputed | −0.175 | recorded as missing; penalized by rule, never imputed | |||||
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